Buddhism and Ayurvedic medicine originated in India and have been the most powerful influences on the evolution of Sri Lankan culture and medicine. Both Buddhism and Ayurveda advocate a holistic approach to curing ailments. From Ayurveda, an analogy can be drawn to Buddhism as medication that cures all forms of ailments in all aspects of life.
Though Ayurveda is of Vedic origin and dates back five Millennia, the contribution of Buddhist thought to this health science has been invaluable. Like the Buddhist doctrine of ‘middle way’, Ayurveda also advocates moderation in all things. Ayurveda too has guidelines for healthy living and advises us to resist negative thoughts and abstain from physical abuse.
Following the teachings of the Buddha, rulers in India actively promoted healing activities by building hospitals and establishing free dispensaries, dating back to the reign of King Ashoka. This was faithfully followed by the ancient kings of Sri Lanka after the introduction of Buddhism to the Island. Ayurveda practices in Sri Lanka were modified to suit local conditions and needs.
During the rule of Sinhalese Kings, Ayurveda system of medicine flourished in this country. It received active royal patronage. The physicians enjoyed a pride of place in society. The Buddhist temples repository of knowledge preserved religious as well as the medical texts.
King Buddhadasa (398-426 A.D.) is the best known ancient king as far as the ancient medical science is concerned. An eminent physician himself, he devised many cures. He also compiled the Sararthasangrahaya a compendium of all existing handbooks in Sanskirt. He appointed physicians to treat soldiers, horses and elephants. Special asylums were set up for the cripples and the blind.
Parakramabahu 1(1153– 1186 A.D.) best known for the construction of numerous Irrigation works, is also credited with establishment of hospitals and care of the sick. Two of the important officers in his administration were Mahavedana (Chief Physician) and Sulu Vedana (the Deputy Chief Physician).
The slab inscription at Mihintale belonging to the reign of Mahinda IV (956-972 A.D.) refers to the practice of application of leeches to get rid of impure blood, a practice followed to this day. Such are examples that point out to the ancient methods of healing and wellness that has practiced for over thousands of years.